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- Hard IT governance—Using hard-power resources (e.g., force, sanctions, payments), management commands or induces the IT staff/users to directly improve and enhance the leadership, organizational structures and processes.
- Soft IT governance—Using soft-power resources (e.g., institutions, values, culture, policies), management sets the agenda for, attracts and co-opts its IT staff/users to indirectly create a preferable environment of the leadership, organizational structures and processes.